Sulphydryl and Disulphide Levels in Protein Fractions from Hydrated and Dry Leaves of Resurrection Plants

Significant changes in sulphydryl (‘SH’) and disulphide(‘SS’) levels during air-drying in leaves of ‘resurrection’plants (whose protoplasm survives dehydration) stemmed mainlyfrom protein turnover effects. No significant changes were foundin the SH, SS levels in leaves of the desiccation sensitivespecies Sporobolus pyramidalis following air-drying. The three tolerant species studied differed in the directionof change. Some data were consistent with Levitt's SH, SS hypothesis:increases in protein-SS levels in Sporobolus stapfianus (desiccationtolerant) were consistent with a stabilization of new proteinby SS bonds; lower reactivity of protein-SH in the tolerantspecies Talbotia elegans (which on the other hand has decreasedprotein-SS) is consistent with a second mechanism of decreasingprotein denaturation proposed in Levitt's hypothesis. Evidence of some conversion of SH to SS in the soluble proteinsof Xerophyta viscosa (a tolerant species) would on Levitt'shypothesis indicate an injurious process. Some degree of proteindenaturation might be indicated by partial inactivation of thesoluble enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in this species,and loss of some soluble isoenzymes (peroxidase and alkalinephosphatase). An apparent lack of SH conversion to SS in thesensitive species Sporobolus pyramidalis was not consistentwith the SH, SS hypothesis. Resurrection plants, Sporobolus pyramidalis, Sporobolus stapfianus, Talbotia elegans, Xerophyta viscosa, drought resistance, desiccation tolerance, protein turnover, sulphydryl groups     

Polyphyly of Asian Tree Toads,Genus Pedostibes Günther, 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae), and the Description of a New Genus from Southeast Asia

The Asian Tree Toad genus Pedostibes, as currently understood, exhibits a conspicuously disjunct distribution, posing several immediate questions relating to the biogeography and taxonomy of this poorly known group. The type species, P. tuberculosus and P. kempi, are known only from India, whereas P. hosii, P. rugosus, and P. everetti are restricted to Southeast Asia. Several studies have shown that these allopatric groups are polyphyletic, with the Indian Pedostibes embedded within a primarily South Asian clade of toads, containing the genera Adenomus, Xanthophryne, and Duttaphrynus. Southeast Asian Pedostibes on the other hand, are nested within a Southeast Asian clade, which is the sister lineage to the Southeast Asian river toad genus Phrynoidis. We demonstrate that Indian and Southeast Asian Pedostibes are not only allopatric and polyphyletic, but also exhibit significant differences in morphology and reproductive mode, indicating that the Southeast Asian species’ are not congeneric with the true Pedostibes of India. As a taxonomic solution, we describe a new genus, Rentapia gen. nov. to accommodate the Southeast Asian species.     

Genes for the biosynthesis of spinosyns: applications for yield improvement in Saccharopolyspora spinosa

Spinosyns A and D are the active ingredients in an insect control agent produced by fermentation of Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Spinosyns are macrolides with a 21-carbon, tetracyclic lactone backbone to which the deoxysugars forosamine and tri-O-methylrhamnose are attached. The spinosyn biosynthesis genes, except for the rhamnose genes, are located in a cluster that spans 74 kb of the S. spinosa genome. DNA sequence analysis, targeted gene disruptions and bioconversion studies identified five large genes encoding type I polyketide synthase subunits, and 14 genes involved in sugar biosynthesis, sugar attachment to the polyketide or cross-bridging of the polyketide. Four rhamnose biosynthetic genes, two of which are also necessary for forosamine biosynthesis, are located outside the spinosyn gene cluster. Duplication of the spinosyn genes linked to the polyketide synthase genes stimulated the final step in the biosynthesis — the conversion of the forosamine-less pseudoaglycones to endproducts. Duplication of genes involved in the early steps of deoxysugar biosynthesis increased spinosyn yield significantly. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 399–402. Received 31 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 09 July 2001